Pakistan is signatory of Kyoto protocol. Although Pakistan is not in list of Carbon dioxide emitter, still can become part of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the article 12 of Kyoto Protocol. For this Pakistan has already prepared CDM Operational Strategy on April 2006. The CDM is focus on two main areas, to identify renewable energy resources and to remove CO2 from the atmosphere. For proper implementation of CDM it is important to have a detail look and identify suitable areas for CO2 removal. For this a holistic approach is required. The northern mountainous areas of Pakistan are under pressure and need to be developed as majority of the river systems emerged from these mountains. It is therefore important to handle the CO2 emission both directly and indirectly. Proper aforestation is one of the methods which must be focus along with available water resources. The main finding of the study is that population of study area (Swat Valley) is toward increase which has got high pressure on soil resources. Due to which there is a shift toward the forest resources are toward decline and not only to think about aforestation and reforestation activity but also to divert labor force to other areas like tourism, forestry and make the area suitable for carbon absorption.

Key Words: Demographic, Mitigation, Development, Swat.

The primary reason behind conducting this research was to uncover the variances amidst the two different banking groups (conventional and Islamic) grounded on their fiscal fallouts analysis in the context of Pakistan during 2015-2018. Three Shariah banks and three non-Shariah banks have been selected for their comparative performance assessment. The comparison has been made between them grounded on the ratio analysis technique where average values of the selected ratios were used for the deduction of outcomes by applying a t-test. The resulted outcomes reflect that Non-Shariah banks left behind their counterparts in terms of efficiency. Moreover, the empirical fallouts of this study resulted that in terms of liquidity both the banking systems dominated each other with a 1:1 ratio. Additionally, the empirical fallouts again disclosed that the two different banking groups dominated each other with a 1:1 ratio concerning the quality of assets. Overall, with respect to efficiency non-Islamic banks proved dominant over non-conventional banks, whereas about liquidity and asset quality the performance of both the banking systems was somehow balanced where each of them dominated one another with a 1:1 ratio. The author believes that this study will be productive for a large number of investors in their investment decision-making.

Key Words: Islamic banking, Conventional banking, Efficiency, Liquidity, Assets Quality, Pakistan, Bank Performance.

The research studied the impact of Perceived Organizational Support (POS) and Stress among employees. DASS-21 for stress and Survey of Perceived Organizational Support (SPOS) scales were used for data collection. Sample consisted of 205 participants, employees of different organizations of Hattar Industrial State. Pearson correlation and One Way ANOVA was used for data analysis. The hypotheses of this study were supported. Result of this study indicated that POS is negatively correlated with stress. Results also showed perceived organizational support as a significant predictor of Stress. Results also indicated that old age and highly educates employees have more POS as compare to young and lower educated employees.

Key Words: Perceived Organizational Support, Stress, Industrial Employees, Hattar, Demographic, Management Level, Organizational differences.

This paper is a review of land acquisitions and land encroachment issues in Swat Valleys, north of Pakistan in the light of Forest Act 1927, Land acquisition act 1969 and Environmental Protection Act 1997. The objective of this review was to identify land acquisitions related issues in relation to land and resource ownership. In Swat valley there are two types of land owner ship i.e. individual property and communal land. In Pakistan, government departments are acquiring land under the amended land acquisition act 1969. According to which each piece of land is belonging to government of Pakistan and can be acquired any time anywhere when required. The piece of land, if belong to a person is compensated in cash. But there is no compensation for communal land. Some time a big piece of land is declared as state property. Due to this, people are not participating in the government initiated developmental activities such as road construction, reforestation and forest protection. This behavior has got negative impacts on forest resources and the forest in Swat Valley is under continuous stress and toward decline. Besides, some time the compensation to an individual is not acceptable because some time the individual want compensation in terms of land at another location. This option not exists in the amended land acquisition acts and need a careful review to facilitate land acquisition for developmental activities and make a developmental activity participatory.

Key Words: Land Acquisition Act, Land Encroachment, Forest Degradation, Compensation, Public Participation, Communal Land.

This research was aimed to examine the Mental Health of Married and Unmarried Women. The sample of this study consisted of 200 women in which 102 were unmarried and 98 were married women from the city of Haripur, Pakistan. In order to study the mental health adopted version of General Health questionnaire (Sanam, 2001) was utilized. It consists of 28 items. The objectives were to study mental health among married and unmarried women and to establish the psychometric properties of scale. The alpha coefficient reliability of scale found out to be .80 . The results indicated no significance difference exists between married and unmarried women on mental health. The results also show non-significant differences between women of nuclear & joint family system; of different age groups and at socioeconomic status on mental health scale. But significant differences were found between students, working and nonworking women and in level of education on mental health scale.

Key Words: Mental Health, Working, Non-Working Women, Married, Un-Married, Demographic, Education, Family System.