Welcome to Asian Social and Applied Research Council (ASAR Council)
| S.No. | Title | Authors | Pages | Download |
| 1 | Examining the Teachers Perception of Job Satisfaction and Their Performance: Analyzing the Effect in Government and Private Schools
A favourable or pleasant emotional state arising from employees' appreciation of their job or experience is called job satisfaction. Teachers are the foundations of society, assisting students in developing the skills necessary to lead their country forward. The primary goal of this research is to see how to work satisfaction affects teacher performance in both government and private schools. The study was descriptive, and data were collected through two scales, i.e., Job Satisfaction Survey (Spector, 1985) and Teacher Performance Questionnaire (Haider, Khan & Iqbal, 2018). The study population comprised of secondary level teachers teaching 9th and 10th classes in government and private schools. The sample was obtained from the population using multistage sampling. Total 384 questionnaires were distributed among teachers, and 1536 questionnaires were given to students for rating their teachers’ performance, and the response rate was 100% due to vigorous follow-up by the researchers. Researchers applied different statistical techniques to the collected data to get accurate results. The results showed that government and private teachers were not satisfied regarding pay, promotion, operating conditions, and contingent rewards. However, they are happy with the supervision and nature of work. Moreover, there is no significant relationship between job satisfaction and teachers’ performance in government teachers, while, in private teachers, job satisfaction has a significant positive association with teachers’ performance.
Key Words: Government School, Private School, Job Satisfaction, Teacher Performance, Punjab.
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SYED ZUBAIR HAIDER, UZMA MUNAWAR and MUHAMMAD SAMI UR REHMAN | 1-13 | Download(733) |
| 2 | Career Plateau, Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment: An Islamic Work Ethics Perspective
The study focuses on the impact of the Career Plateau on Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment. It also tries to find out the moderating role of Islamic Work Ethic between Career Plateau, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment. Data was collected from 299 Doctors of various hospitals situated in the Malakand Division, Pakistan by using a non-probability convenience sampling method. The mode of data collection was questionnaires. Required tests were conducted by Using SPSS. Multiple moderated regressions were used to analyze the data. The results of the study showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between Career Plateau, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment. The result also shows that Islamic Work Ethics moderates the relationship between Career Plateau, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment. This is unique research of its kind and meaningfully contributed to the existing literature on career plateau, Job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. This study suggests that Islamic work ethic can play an important role to reduce the negative impact of career plateau on Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment. Implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed.
Key Words: Career Plateau, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, Islamic Work Ethics.
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MUHAMMAD ZAINUL ABIDEEN, MUHAMMAD HAROON UR RASHID and MUHAMMAD TUFAIL | 14-27 | Download(661) |
| 3 | Body Image, Eating Behaviors and Mental Wellbeing among University Students
The present study aims to find the relationship among body image, eating behaviours and mental wellbeing in university students. The sample consisted of 300 university students of both genders (males= 150, females= 150) and their age ranged from 18-25 years. Participants were taken from four different public and private sector universities of Lahore, Pakistan through purposive sampling strategy. Data was collected through Body Image Scale, Eating Attitude Test-26 and Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale. The results of the study show significant negative relationship between poor body image and mental wellbeing (r= -.25, p< .01) and between unhealthy eating behaviour and mental wellbeing(r= -.20, p< .01). Female students have more unhealthy eating behaviors as compared to male students. It is also revealed that body image and eating behaviour are significant negative predictors of mental wellbeing. The results of the study suggest future implications to promote awareness related to body image, eating behaviour and mental wellbeing. The study will help campus counsellors for the early management of body image problems that can lead to poor mental wellbeing.
Key Words: Body Image, Eating Behaviour, Mental Wellbeing, Campus Counsellors.
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ZUNAIRA RASOOL and UMM E RUBAB KAZMI | 25-34 | Download(712) |
| 4 | Gender Balancing in UN Peacekeeping Missions: A Case Study of Pakistani Female Peacekeepers
This paper is an attempt to get insight of the dynamics of the UN female peacekeeping missions conducted in the light of watershed UNSC Resolution 1325. The paper argues that UN aware of the problems of females related to abuse and sexual violence, passed a resolution in 2000, related to women peace and security. Through this resolution UN urged to ensure women participation in conflict resolution and peace-building. Although women are not the central concern of peace and security studies but feminist theorists propose to document the sufferings of the females. On the other hand, the functionalists suggest that peace mission having female not only improve the prospects of pace-building but also interact with the inaccessible (women) which constitute 50% of the population. The paper further explores Pakistani female peacekeeping missions positioned to different war ridden areas. The UN in recognition of the services rendered by female Pakistani peace mission has awarded them certificates of appreciation.
Key Words: Peacekeeping, Conflict-Resolution, Peace-Building, Women.
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FAIZA BASHIR, MIAN RIFAT ULLAH KHAN and TABASSUM MAJEED | 35-47 | Download(711) |
| 5 | Collaborative School-University Partnership to Bridge the Theory-Practice gap in Teaching Practicum: Role and challenges of the Multiple Stakeholders
The major focus of the study is to explore the perceptions, practices of university tutors (UT), cooperative teachers (CT), and prospective teachers (PT) to establish the collaborative partnership between Universities and Schools for bridging the theory-practice gap in teaching practicum of preservice B.ED (Hons) 4 Years teacher education program. Exploratory Sequential Mixed Method Design with qualitative and quantitative approaches was used to answer the research questions. There were four case studies in the first phase, and the researcher collected data through semi-structured interviews from eight UT. In the second phase, based on the qualitative data, three questionnaires were developed to gather the views of UT, CT, and PT. Participants were selected through, purposive sampling technique. The findings of the study revealed several gaps in the process of a TEI-School collaborative partnership that includes weak and undocumented collaboration, training of PT is the sole responsibility of TEI. Moreover, pre-service teacher education is missing out on the value of including CP and school management perspectives and lack of professional and financial incentives for CP.
Key Words: School-University Partnership, Theory-Practice Gap, Teaching Practicum, Teacher Education Institutions.
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FAIZA MASOOD and MALIK GHULAM BEHLOL | 48-58 | Download(889) |
| 6 | Demographic Predictors of Corporal Punishment in Secondary School Teachers
According to one survey, 63% of children aged 1-14 experienced physical punishment in the past month from caregivers in Sindh (n=46,218) (Sindh Bureau of Statistics & UNICEF, 2015). The present study is aimed at reducing the massive prevalence of Corporal Punishment in Pakistan by identifying demographic predictors of Teacher CP. This will empower the campaign against CP in Pakistan to guide schools on teacher selection as the variables in this study are not changeable. The sample was of secondary school teachers from various different schools in Lahore (n=118). The participants were asked to provide information related to their Degree Received year, age, Teaching experience in current school, Teaching Experience overall, Paternal age at marriage, Maternal Age at marriage, gender, education, marital status, parental status, number of people living in house, sole bread winner, Number of Children, degree received year, salary, current family type, education, average time from home to school, father’s education, mother’s education, age of becoming parent, Family type growing up, Current family type, Age of marriage, number of children, father spent time at home, Father’s participation at home, Approval of Violent Penal Code, father victim of Corporal punishment, Mother victim of Corporal punishment, Victim of Corporal Punishment from teacher, Father to mother emotional support and Extended family support to parents. Correlation analyses were conducted followed by regression analyses to narrow down the findings to two results: Degrees received recently lead to positive ATCP and Presence of Fathers lead to positive ATCP. Explanations of these predictions and related previous literature were discussed.
Key Words: Teacher Corporal Punishment, Teacher selection, Demographic Predictors, Presence of Father, Degree Received Year.
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AHMAD TAHA, SOBIA GUL and AMBREEN SALAHUDDIN | 59-70 | Download(726) |
| 7 | Forms of Citizen Participation in Local Government: A Systematic Literature Review
Citizen participation means citizens involvement in policy or decision making process at government level. Good governance attributed that policy should be made openly and with collaboration of those people who are going to affect. This study is intended to find different forms of citizen participation which are being practiced within local government concept through systematic literature review. After applying certain filters 60 article were selected for systematic literature. Forms of citizen participation are divided into categories i.e. direct citizen participation and indirect citizen participation. Direct citizen participation includes citizen participation in decision making process, participatory planning, citizen appointments into commissions and committees, participation into elections, participation in public meeting and participatory budgeting. Indirect citizen participation includes participation through complaints, feedback and informing citizens.
Keywords: Forms of Citizen Participation, Local Government, Indirect Citizen Participation & Direct Citizen Participation.
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KASHIF ALI, MOAZZAM ALI WARIS and MUHAMMAD AZAD | 71-83 | Download(748) |
| 8 | Impact of Occupational Stress on Self-Efficacy of University Teachers
The research investigated the impact of occupational stress on self-efficacy of university teachers. The research questions of the study were: how do university teachers perceive about their occupational stress? what is the impact of university teacher’s occupational stress on self-efficacy of the university teachers? The research study was descriptive in nature and survey by method. The population of study comprised of 141 teachers (108 male and 33 female). The sample consisted of 100 teachers (67 male and 33 female) from both faculties of the University of Haripur using random sampling technique. The two questionnaires used for the current research using five-pint Likert scale. The tools made validated and reliable through pilot testing. Afterwards, the data collected from the sample and entered in excel for further process. In addition, the SPSS used for the analysis. The results revealed that teachers experienced the occupational stress in the organization. Moreover, occupational stress has negative significant impact on teachers’ self-efficacy.
Key Words: Occupational Stress, Self- efficacy Regression, University Teachers.
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RASHID MEHMOOD, MUHAMMAD SAEED KHAN and TEHSEEN TAHIR | 84-91 | Download(669) |
| 9 | Personality Traits as Predictors to Compliance and Resistance in White Collar Employees
The aim of the research is to explore the influence of employees’ personality on their reactions of resistance and compliance during the time of organizational change and uncertainty period. Study consists of (N=400, male and female) white collar employees from four different organizational sectors. A correlational research design was used and sample was selected by using stratified sampling technique. A series of questionnaire International Personality Item Pool, Compliance to Change Scale & Resistance to Change Scale was administered to White collar employees after taking consent from the participants. After data collection Descriptive Statistics, Correlation and Multiple Regression analysis used to analyse data. The results indicate that extroversion, conscientiousness, intellectuality were positive significant predictor of compliance. While agreeableness and emotional stability were significant negative predictor of resistance.
Key Words: Compliance, Resistance, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, Openness.
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AYESHA RASHEED, NAHEED ATTA and TALAT SOHAIL | 92-108 | Download(695) |
| 10 | Exploring Clitics in Pashto: Their Formation, Nature, and Morphology
Clitics have remained a mystery due to their varied forms and manifestations, cross-linguistically. Clitics in Pashto have remained an important area of research during the last fifty years. The goal of this paper was to look at Pashto clitics from a different perspective. This perspective consisted in questioning some of the basic ideas in vogue about clitics in Pashto. While earlier studies considered oblique clitics as either pronominal or agreement morphemes, this study showed that they are preverbs. The previous studies had various explanations for clitics formation in Pashto, this study tried to establish that pronominal clitics were a side-effect of the focus phenomenon in Pashto. Similarly, while earlier studies restricted clitics to some particular types of cases, this study showed that clitics in Pashto have the same form whatever structural case they bore. These proposals were able to explain the constructions that were so far considered as difficult.
Key Words: Clitics, Pashto, Preverbs, Focus; Pronominal, Agreement Markers.
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TALAT MASOOD | 109-119 | Download(730) |
| 11 | Lockdown Stressors Effect Life Management of University Students during COVID19
The Covid-19 outbreak makes a big shift and disturbs the lives of people in all fields. The academic institutions faced this tragedy also. It was a comparative study about lockdown stressors’ effect on life management of university students in Punjab and Khyber Pakhtukhwa. It was a descriptive casual comparative study. The population of the study consisted of university students of Punjab and KP Province. Two universities were selected for selecting the sample of the study. A convenient sampling technique was used to select the two hundred and forty sample from university students. The data were collected from university students through an adapted questionnaire consisting of fifteen items based on Likert type scale. The descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were applied for data analysis. Results showed that students of Punjab province felt a little bit higher stressors and focused life stress management than KP students. The lifestyle of the majority of the students was affected due to lockdown stressors, the family budget was tightened, personal relationships with friends and family got worse, and anxiety levels increased when they heard the news about corona disease. It is concluded that lockdown adversely affected the lives of university students but they faced this uncertainty with a positive frame of mind. Universities administration and teachers may provide psychological services to students just to overcome the stress level of this epidemic.
Key Words: Covid-19, Lockdown Stressors, Life Management, University Students.
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SAGHIR AHMAD CH, AYESHA BATOOL and RAKHSHANDA NAEEM | 120-130 | Download(624) |
| 12 | A Comparative Study on the Quality of Education for Students with Visual Impairment in Public and Private Institutions
Quality of education is the main key to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs). The Aim of the present study was to compare the quality of education in public and private schools of Students with visual impairment in Punjab. Descriptive research design of quantitative approach adopted to conduct this study. A cross-sectional survey method used to collect data. The population of this study comprised of students with visual impairment from all public and private schools of grade 6 to 10. The sample of the study was comprised of 270 enrolled students with visual impairment of public and private schools. Sample collected from 12 schools of four cities of Punjab like Lahore, Gujranwala, Faisalabad and Rawalpindi. Sample selected through convenient sampling technique, which is a particular type of nonprobability Sampling. A Self-developed questionnaire was used which comprised of 35 closed-ended items. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques used for analyzing the collected data. Results indicated that the overall quality of education in private schools was better than in public Schools. The findings of this study highlight the importance of guidance and counseling as a part of quality education. Guidance and counseling services were better in private schools as compared to public schools for students with visual impairment. Furthermore, findings also show that the environmental accessibility, assessment and evaluation methods, instructional curriculum and instructional methods are lack in public schools of students with visual impairment which are a very important part of quality education. It recommended that the environmental accessibility and guidance and counselling services in public schools are not good for students with visual impairment. Govt. should renovate and adapt the building infrastructure and should provide guidance and counselling services according to the needs of students with visual impairment. Teachers of public schools should improve their assessment and evaluation methods. Moreover, teachers of students with visual impairment should adapt the methods of teaching, instructional curriculum.
Key Words: Quality of Education, Enrolled Middle and Secondary Visually Impaired Students, Public and Private Special Education Institutes.
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TAHIRA ZAFARULLAH, FAISAL ANIS and FARAH FIDA | 131-139 | Download(658) |
| 13 | Terrorism and Financial Markets: Evidence from SAARC Countries
While a lot of research works have been devoted on assessing the impact of terrorism on stock markets, little has been done to identify its influence on the forex markets. The study reinvestigates the conviction of undermining the effects of terrorism on foreign exchange and stock markets by analyzing data of SAARC countries. By employing the event study methodology and panel regression model, the finding reveals that the effect on foreign exchange markets is more intense than the stock markets, though the effect varies with the type of terrorist attacks. The bombing-type is a major attack that exerts a negative effect on both the markets. Further, the after-effect shocks are more pronounced and significant in foreign exchange markets. The results provide policy implications for regulators, investors, and policymakers.
Key Words: Terrorism, Exchange Rate, Stock Market, SAARC.
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FIZA QURESHI, SOBIA SHAFAQ SHAH and ASHOK KUMAR | 140-152 | Download(636) |
| 14 | Effect of Socio-demographic Variables on Successful Aging of Elderly in Pakistan
The present study was intended to determine the role of socio-demographic variables on the successful aging of the elderly in Pakistan. It was hypothesized that demographic variables (age, gender, presence of a spouse, monthly household income, earning independently, self-rated health, and social participation) would predict successful aging in Pakistani elderly. The current study also explores the interaction effect of age and demographic variables influencing the successful aging of the Pakistani elderly. An interview-based survey design was used to collect the data. The sample comprised 475 older adults with a distribution of 258 males and 275 females with an age range of 50 to 100 years. The study's findings showed that younger older age, earning independently, and perceiving a satisfactory health status are the significant predictors of successful aging. Moreover, the younger and middle-aged elderly who participate in social gatherings has better successful aging than those who do not participate.
Key Words: Age, Gender, Self-Rated Health, Successful Aging, Social Participation.
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SABA SAJJAD and JAMIL A. MALIK | 153-163 | Download(673) |
| 15 | Impact of Reflective Teaching Practices on Academic Engagement of University Students
This study aimed to examine the effect of reflective teaching practices on students’ academic engagement on university students. The research question of the study wasthere any impact of reflective teaching practices on student’s academic engagement?The research study is quantitative, predictive non-experimental in nature and data was collected by survey method. The sample of the study consisted of 66 teachers (33 males and 33 females) and 330 students by using simple random sampling technique. One questionnaire was used to collect the data from teachers and other was used to collect data from students. Both tools made validated and made reliable through pilot testing. The data collected from the respondents were analysed by using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 16. This study gained the results of the reflective teaching practices of the teachers which affect students' academic engagement. It can be concluded that university teachers received professional training regarding the use of reflective teaching practices that can be affected in terms of bringing improvement in their teaching practices and academic engagement of students.
Key Words: Effect, Reflective Teaching Practices, Academic Engagement.
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GHAZALA SHAHEEN, MUHAMMAD SAEED KHAN and SADDAF AYUB | 164-170 | Download(661) |
| 16 | A Comparative Analysis of Teachers Roles in Online and F2F Learning in a Blended Classroom
The present study draws a comparison between the role of a teacher through online learning and face to face (F2F) learning in a blended classroom. In recent years, blended form of learning has become a notorious way of giving guidance at all educational levels and across multifarious fields of study. Researchers conclude that there is an archetypical change in various fields of mixed learning, from didactics to roles of teacher to student roles. Thus, the current study uses questionnaire to study how 100 university going students viewed the role of their teachers in a blended English course in both online and F2F learning. The role of a teacher in both types of classes are considerably addressed in this paper by dividing it into an effective role, cognitive role, and managerial role. Statistical, and quantitative figures reveal two notable results: first, all the three sub-roles of F2F teachers had substantially higher average of learning than those in online learning. In F2F learning, the cognitive role had the highest average, while the managerial role had the highest average in online learning. This paper also compares the parameters of proficiency through the questionnaire between the two distinct modes of learning. Finally, the study will help the other researchers to explore how teachers can act in a better way in both types of learning methods and what are other parameters, need to be discussed further and construct grounds for students’ roles in online and F2F learning in a blended classroom.
Key Words: Blended Classroom, F2F, Online learning, Teacher Roles, Cognitive And Affective Role.
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AZHAR PERVAIZ, KAYNAT KHUDADAD and RABIEAH TAHIR | 171-184 | Download(647) |
| 17 | Decentralization of Gender Role in the Wake of Postmodernism in Wonder Woman
This study underscores that how postmodern literature has introduced a new epoch to deconstruct the socially constructed nature of gender roles enacted strictly and imposed forcefully. In this regard, the study attempts to deconstruct the traditional notion of heroism by centralizing the female character through postmodern version of reality. Presently, everything is observed anew through the lens of postmodernism. Even, the movie makers search for the disarranged titles, scripts and characters’ role to fit in postmodern arena. For example, Diana, the protagonist of the movie, ‘The Wonder Woman’ (2017) is now known through the title of the story. Moreover, postmodern theory as a theoretical framework has been applied to the movie which has been narrowed down to Jean Francoise Leotard’s deconstruction of Meta-narratives into mini narratives (1979) which rejects the existing ideology of traditional heroism. Through qualitative mode of inquiry, the script has been analysed using Visual Semiotic Analysis. The study depicts female protagonist in a way which does not bound her within the customary arena. Therefore, the findings of the paper show that nothing can remain in the centre for ever. Even women who have always been marginalized can take the central positions.
Key words: Postmodernism, Deconstruction, Meta Narratives, Mini Narratives, Visual Semiotic Analysis.
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SADIA BANO, SEHER SHAFI and BAKHT BIBI | 185-192 | Download(696) |
| 18 | Effect of Teachers Perception about Responsibility for Students Achievement in General and Special Education at the Secondary Level
Teachers and their mastery reveal the work efficiency in education. Such mastery requires developed personality, appropriate qualification, unbiased attitudes and positive thinking, which lead the teacher and student both at acme in the field of education. When teachers feel their responsibilities to work for the betterment of students then it is resulted in real success. However, at some extent, if students do not experience success then it is taken in different aspects. This study aimed to compare teachers’ perceptions about responsibility for their student’s achievement in general and special education at secondary school level. A total of 310 teachers from general (n=151) and special education teachers (n=159) were taken as sample. An adopted questionnaire was used for data collection. Statistical data were analyzed with two-way analysis of variance. Findings of the research depicted that teachers in general education take more responsibility for the achievement of students than the teachers of special education. However, it has been recommended strongly that teachers in general and special education must be provided with special ethical and professional training on regular basis to develop responsibility for success and failure of their student.
Key words: Responsibility, Success, Failure, General Education Teacher, Special Education Teacher.
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KASHIF IQBAL, GHAZALA ISHRAT and SONIA FAREED KHAN | 193-205 | Download(1287) |
| 19 | Comparison of HIV- Related Stigma in People with Substance Abuse and Health Care Providers
Human immunodeficiency virus is one of the most severe perils of modern times people affected with this virus face strong stigma. Stigma leads to discrimination and stress which adversely affect their quality of life and creates obstacles in treatment. Present study aimed to explore HIV related stigma in individuals with substance abuse problems and their health care providers. For this purpose a sample of 155 participants was studied including 95 individuals getting treatment for substance abuse and 60 healthcare providers working in the substance abuse rehabilitation units. The sample was selected through non probability purposive sampling and included both male (n= 104) and female (n= 51) participants. Healthcare providers showed significantly higher levels of HIV stigma (p<0.01) than individuals with substance abuse. Findings also revealed significant gender difference (p<0.01) with females scoring significantly higher on stigma scale compared to male participants. Results also showed some interesting associations between HIV stigma and personal demographic variables. The findings were discussed with reference to international and local research context.
Key words: HIV/AIDS, Stigma, Substance Abuse, Healthcare Providers.
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ABIA NAZIM, IVAN SUNEEL SAMUEL and TAUQEER NAZIM | 206-214 | Download(676) |
| 20 | Financial Accountability of Electronic Media Authority in Pakistan: Insights from Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority
After 1980s, creation of regulatory authorities in Pakistan was initiated as part of reform initiatives directed by international donor entities. In order to control partisan interference from politicians and executive branches of government in the broadcast media, independent regulatory authorities were created in developed countries followed by the developing countries as well. With the passage of time, it was felt that these entities were outside the sphere of democratic control and different mechanisms were introduced to hold them accountable. This paper aims to investigate the current financial accountability practices of media regulation in Pakistan by analysing the case of Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) and the mechanism used for its financial accountability. Qualitative research is used to explore the phenomena. This study explores how PEMRA is being held accountable by actors in the form of other organizations /institutions included in its accountability regime. Key respondents were identified through non-probability sampling by using purposive and snowball sampling strategies. In-depth interviews were conducted for data collection. The findings are based on the themes derived from the data collection process which includes insights about the authority’s budget approval and financial autonomy, sources of income, financial audit and identified malpractices, and usage of fines which are imposed by the authority on electronic media. The findings show mixed results about the accountability practices of PEMRA. Results of this study contribute significantly to the existing literature on the financial accountability practices of media regulatory authorities in developing economies enhancing learning about the south-east Asian context.
Key words: Financial Accountability, PEMRA, Electronic Media Authority, Pakistan.
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MAHNOOR FAROOQ and NASIRA JABEEN | 215-228 | Download(652) |
| 21 | Body Image Dissatisfaction, Depression and Quality of Life in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) quality of life, body image dissatisfaction and depression in women having PCOS. It was a cross sectional analytical study. The study was conducted at the department of gynaecology of two government hospitals of Lahore from February 2020 to April 2020. Using convenience sampling, 150 PCOS diagnosed women with age ranging from 18-40 years were selected. Beck depression inventory, polycystic ovary syndrome questionnaire and body shape questionnaire were used for collection of data. The results revealed PCOS quality of life and body image dissatisfaction to be significant predictors of depression (p<.05) in women. Women having depressive symptoms had low quality of life scores and infertility was found to be the quality of life domain which PCOS affected the most followed by excess body weight and hirsutism. Women having polycystic ovary syndrome experience numerous physiological and psychological challenges, however, the psychological component of this complex condition largely goes unnoticed. It is recommended that care of these women should adopt a holistic approach and must include behavioral health professionals to provide comprehensive care.
Key words: Body Image Dissatisfaction, Depression, Infertility, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Women.
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MEMOONA AHMED and NUDRA MALIK | 229-235 | Download(633) |
| 22 | Perception of University Teachers Regarding the Effects of Lecture Method on Students Achievements
The main objective of this paper is used to see the perception of university teachers concerning the effects of the method of discussion on student success. The study was quantitatively based. A questionnaire, made up of twenty seven statements, was prepared using a five-point Likert scale with narrow answers (Strongly disagree, Disagree, Undecided, Agree and (Strongly agree).Collected data was processed by hand in the primary phase by a gender and academic sorting and after that the data feed was done in Microsoft Excel by data coding. . After that the researcher carried out statistical calculations using Microsoft Excel in addition to the statistical package for social science (SPSS version, 17).Researcher worked out the frequency of the data. The results of this study showed that most teachers agreed that teachers can make education more effective through questioning. The method of lecture assists students in developing and expressing themselves. It turned into additionally discovered that tendency of instructors in the direction of the consequences of dialogue strategies have been exceptionally adaptive. Finally, the researcher additionally made a few hints primarily based totally on study and for prospect researchers.
Key words: Perception, Lecture as a Method of Teaching, Affects and Summary.
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RABIA KAUSAR, ZAHIDA AZIZ SIAL and IRAM GUL GILLANI | 236-244 | Download(634) |
| 23 | A Review on Relationship Between Parental Anxiety and Students Academic Stress at Secondary Level
Academic stress and parental anxiety are two crucial factors for the academic achievements of the students. Both of these factors play a key role in academic success. A review study was directed to find relationship between parental anxiety and students’ academic stress at secondary level. The literature reviewed indicated that academic stress affects the academic achievements, parent’s anxiety, mental health, learning process, social behavior, cognitive skills, learning style, communication between the teachers and students and extra-curricular activities of the students. It shows that academic stress plays a crucial role for development of students. So, there was a close relationship found between the parental anxiety and academic stress of the student for academic achievements.
Key words: Parental Anxiety, Academic Stress, Students, Secondary Level.
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SAIMA IQBAL, ISHFAQ AHMED and MUHAMMAD HAFEEZ | 245-253 | Download(789) |
| 24 | Women Leadership Roles and the Factors Influencing these Roles: A Qualitative Perspective
Concept of leadership is comprised of contributing the efforts of both men and women in performing different roles in different institutes but women are considered under-represented in performing different leadership roles. Purpose of this study was to identifying the background factors that became hindrance to women in performing different types of leadership roles. So this study explores the perceptions of women leaders in performing different leadership roles in a Public Sector University. Research nature was qualitative and twelve female leaders from three campuses of a public sector university were interviewed. Telephonic interviews were conducted due to the pandemic conditions. Data was analyzed by using thematic analysis technique. Three themes as women’s acuity, leadership styles/behaviors and women’s leadership qualities emerged from the data that support the first research question. Whereas, five main themes generated support the second research question as factors related to organization, students and colleagues, societal and cultural factors, factors related to personality and family, and factors related to professional development. Results of the study revealed that societal and cultural factors affected a lot on women leadership roles as compared to other factors. Recommendation of this study was that these factors should be bounded by introducing new policies to strengthen the women leadership roles in institutes.
Key words: Women Leadership, Leadership Roles, Public University Setting.
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MUHAMMAD AMIN, HUMERA AMIN and SAMREEN JALAL | 254-263 | Download(638) |
| 25 | Factors Influencing the Youth Career Choices: Opinions and Experiences of a Public University Graduates
Career choice is not an ordinary concept. It plays a very important role in the overall personal and professional development of human life. It is linked with the positive as well as negative psychological, social, and economic development of individuals and goes beyond the youth age to an individual’s adult life. Keeping the research gap regarding this important issue in view, the study was aimed to examine the factors influencing youth career choices. A qualitative research design was used to investigate the opinions and experiences of public university graduates. A semi-structured interview protocol was developed and used by researchers to generate the data. Snowball sampling technique was employed to trace and interview the graduates till the data saturation. Due to the pandemic situation, 17 participants were interviewed telephonically. The data was analyzed through thematic analysis to identify the factors that influence the youth career choices positively/negatively. The findings highlighted various important factors that influence the graduates’ career choices including parents, family and peer influences, interest, abilities and personality, job market, job opportunities and competitive environment, pressure for marriage, economic factors, lack of awareness, and favoritism. Some recommendations for the policy are given.
Key words: Youth Career Choices, Opinions, Experiences, Public University Graduates.
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AMMARA RAZZAQ, MUHAMMAD AMIN and HUMERA AMIN | 264-272 | Download(1790) |
| 26 | The Influence of Islamic Political Parties in Political Legislation in Pakistan: A Descriptive Study
Religious parties in Pakistan have been a formidable force to be reckoned with, and they are among the elite groups that shape Pakistan's political processes and decision-making. Even though these parties have not received a lot of votes in Pakistan's elections, they have a lot of street power. This paper is an attempt to understand and analyze the origin, organization, development, and influence of religious political parties especially Jamiat Ulema Islam (F). and Jamaat-i-Islami in Pakistan. The article also discusses the role of these religious parties in the functioning of governments over the years. These religious parties rendered significant influence on government policies and legislation in the civilian and military rules. For example, in civil rule, the Objectives Resolution 1949 had several significant religious efforts behind it and the constitutional amendment 1974 that declared Ahmadis to be non-Muslim. These events encouraged religious parties to assert more reforms. General Zia’s military regime epitomizes the boom period of the religious parties.
Key words: Religious Parties, Political Parties, Legislation, Pakistan.
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ASIA SAIF ALVI, NAILA MAQSOOD and RUQIA KALSOOM | 273-285 | Download(2552) |
| 27 | Determinants of Unemployment in Pakistan
To find out determinants of unemployment in Pakistan, we employed auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL). Vector auto regression (VAR) estimation technique was also applied to find out the impulse response functions. Time series data for period (1975-2019) was taken from World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI 2019). The results indicate that foreign direct investment, GDP growth, gross national expenditures are the relevant determinants of unemployment. The computed coefficients of long-run integrating vector show that foreign direct investment is affecting unemployment negatively and significantly. Gross domestic product growth has negative and insignificant relationship with unemployment. Gross national expenditures are showing negative and significant relationship with unemployment. There is no autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH), serial correlation and heteroscedasticity. The normality test Jarque-Bera also suggests that stochastic disturbances have a normal distribution. Models are shown in their best shape. As a result, the error correction model's residual properties are satisfied. VAR analysis was applied to see the impulse responses of unemployment as result of shocks in foreign direct investment, gross domestic product, gross national expenditures and unemployment itself that is shown in figure-3. As a result of shock in unemployment itself, response of unemployment is positive initially but negative after second year, again positive after third year. Response of unemployment is negative and then dies out to zero as a result of shocks in foreign direct investment. Response of unemployment as a result of shocks in public expenditures is initially negative but positive after second year before dying out to zero. Response of unemployment as a result of shocks in GDP growth is negative before dying out to zero. Mostly these graphical results are similar to ARDL bound testing results.
Key words: Unemployment, Foreign Direct Investment, GDP, Gross National Expenditures.
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MUHAMMAD AJMAIR and ZANIB BI | 286-298 | Download(687) |
| 28 | Realistic Job Preview: The Missing Link
The aim of the study was to find out the impact of realistic job preview on the organizational citizenship behavior of employees working in higher education sector. The provision of realistic job preview has been a missing link in the education sector as the job in education sector specifically at higher level is not less than a challenging job. The population of the study were the faculty members employed in higher education sector. 400 questionnaires were distributed wherein 307 properly filled questionnaires were received back and were used for analysis of the study. The data was collected using simple random sampling technique. The results of the study showed that the five facets of Realistic job preview i.e Depth of information, Relevance of information, Volume of information, accuracy of information and credibility of information were found to have significant affect on organizational citizenship behavior.
Key words:Realistic Job Preview, Volume of Information, Depth of Information, Relevance of Information, Accuracy of Information, Credibility of Information, Organizational Citizenship Behavior.
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SAQIB SHAHZAD, SYED MOHSIN ALI SHAH and MAHE BUSHRA ASGHAR | 299-308 | Download(631) |
| 29 | Building Influence and Strengthening Partnerships: Pakistans Cooperative Maritime Diplomacy towards Africa
Cooperative maritime diplomacy is the peaceful use of a nation state’s maritime forces to achieve foreign policy-related goals. This article examines Pakistan’s cooperative maritime diplomacy as an important component of Pakistan’s engagement efforts with Africa. Since the launch of Pakistan’s ‘Look Africa’ policy in August 2017, Islamabad has employed Pakistan Navy to play a key role to foster closer ties with Africa. The main objectives of this cooperative maritime diplomacy are building confidence, influences and partnerships across the Continent. In this regard, Pakistan Navy conducts its cooperative maritime diplomacy at three levels: goodwill visits, joint naval exercises, Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) operations in Africa. The paper argues that Pakistan Navy cooperative maritime diplomatic efforts dovetail with state’s foreign policy goals to build strong economic and strategic relations with Africa and project Islamabad as trustworthy, influential and reliable partner in the Continent.
Key words: Pakistan Navy, Engage Africa, Naval Diplomacy, Port Calls, HADR Operations, CPEC.
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SADAF BASHIR, SHABANA NOREEN and MUHAMMAD BILAL AWAN | 309-320 | Download(813) |
| 30 | Information and Communication Technologies as Vehicle of Transnationalization
The study entitled ICT’S as a vehicle of transnationalization. No doubt, ICTs are playing the most important role in the present era. It is the cost effective and time effective technology for the expansion of Transnationalization in the world. ICTs provide learning opportunities across the world. ICTs facilitate student’s online learning in the world. ICTs bring people in contact to each other in the world so, it works as a vehicle of Transnationalization. The main objective of the study was to assess the role of ICTs in Transnationalization. For this purpose a questionnaire was developed for the students, teachers, Head of the Departments and faculty deans of the southern Punjab public universities of Punjab Pakistan. Four hundred people from the four public universities were selected. One hundred people were taken from each university. one hundred from the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, one hundred from woman university of Bahawalpur, one hundred from Bahauddin Zakariya university Multan and one hundred from Ghazi university Dera Ghazi Khan. The population of this study was male, female students, teachers, heads of the Departments, and faculty’s dean. The selected data through Questionnaires were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted. The results were presented in the form of table in percentage and Mean score. The finding, conclusion were drawn on the basis of finding of the research. Most of the people were agreed and strongly agreed with the statements of questionnaire.
Key words: Information, Communication, Technology, ICT, Transnationalisation .
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MUHAMMAD JAVED AKHTAR, AFSHAN RAHAT and IRSHAD HUSSAIN | 321-328 | Download(657) |
| 31 | The Role of Pakistani Universities in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): A Qualitative Investigation From Faculty Studying Abroad
In the past decade, universities have achieved excellence in Sustainable Development Goal 4, which is about quality education. Globalization has increased the number of international students leaving their home countries for higher education,subsequently returning to serve their local institutions. Such transitions are a hub of increased indigenous knowledge, aproduct of the interaction between the local challenges with local resources. It is considered a significant contributorto sustainable development. It involves a critical appraisal of the home institutions in the light of cultural and educational experience gained by international students in host countries. This fund provides them with an intellectual platform to compare and contrast educational standards, academic procedures, and teaching methodologies owing to a diverse and greater exposure. The current study draws on data from the understanding and experiences of 10 Pakistani international students who left their home country after 16 years of education and spent almost 4- 5 years at international universities. Data was collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed in terms of broad themes. These includethe necessity for up-to-date educational practices and curriculum, the call for restructured and modernized teaching pedagogies, the requirement forcompetent teachers and teaching approaches, the need to promote indigenous research and innovation, and the necessity for collaboration between academics and industry.The findings are significant for reform policies of the higher education institutions to achieve the sustainable development goal of quality education.
Key words: Sustainable Development Goals, Pakistani Higher Education Institutions, Teaching Pedagogies, Academic and Industry, Indigenous Knowledge.
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ASMA BASHIR, MUHAMMAD ZAHID and FARHAT JAMIL | 329-345 | Download(738) |
| 32 | Gender Disparity in Academic Achievement: Contributing Factors: A Systematic Review of Research Literature in Pakistan
Pakistan lies in the region of the world where 75% of the world’s illiterate population resides. An immense majority among them are women. However, when examining the educational performance of young adults, it is revealed female students are performing better than male students in almost every subject and at every level. Consequently, researchers are becoming increasingly interested in studying the factors contributing to the better academic performance of female students. The Review of the published research (50 articles) carried out in Pakistan has been done. Most of these studies are either presented in conferences or published in abstract booklets from the 1990s -2021 or are articles published in national and international psychological journals. The review of the literature indicates that when compared with male students, female students’ academic performance is significantly better due to a positive study attitude that reflects appropriate study habits. Another factor that results in the better performance of female students is the gender differences in the use of information and communication technology, utilizing digital libraries, and accessing and using digital resources. To the best of my knowledge, this is the only study that has documented a detailed review of research examining the factors contributing to the academic achievement of Pakistani male and female students. This review also examines factors contributing to gender disparity in academic performance.
Key words: Academic Performance, Gender Disparity, Contributing Factors towards Academic Performance, Use of Technology.
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HINA MUNIR, ASMA BASHIR and SAMRA NASEER | 346-362 | Download(897) |
| 33 | Structural Challenges in Education Equality: Hindering Prosperity in Merged Districts (Erstwhile FATA) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
The erstwhile FATA – now Merged District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province – had been under severe turmoil due to decades-long marginalization, militancy, military operations, cultural patriarchy, and persistent poverty. The region has been suffering from chronic low literacy rate among adults and NER among the youth, predominantly girls. Education is among the least developed sectors because of being at the bottom of State’s priority list. Considering education as key pillar of social progress and development, main objective of the study – Structural Challenges in Education Equality: Hindering Prosperity in Merged Districts (Erstwhile FATA) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan – is to find out major structural challenges impeding region’s progress. Adopting the methodological approach of content analysis, efforts were made to provide a holistic approach towards the issue by studying the female’s educational status of all the seven Merged Districts together and carefully analysing secondary data provided by government and other entities. It took an account of the structural issues, such as structural gender-discrimination and supply side gaps, particularly regarding institutional support in the newly Merged Districts. The study concluded that thousands of young girls were out of schools; the ones who were currently enrolled, college and vocational and technical education was a dream. The dropout rate was significantly high because of limited access to schools, particularly after the primary levels. The analysed data established that there were several structural challenges and factors that barred girls from getting education. Some of the prominent ones included unavailability of schools, scarcity of female teachers and insufficient schools’ facilities. The study recommends that if the State is serious and sincere to change the fate of the area, it must support educating the women of the region who make half of the population. This study is significant because for the first time it adopted a holistic approach by analysing the publicly available numeric secondary data from the entire region produced by the government sources, and empirical evidence was produced to help the academics, policy makers, government implementers and foreign donors to better and affectively plan educational development initiatives, focusing gender equality, in the Merged Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, in Pakistan.
Key words: Girls’ Education, Gender Discrimination, Educational Challenges, FATA, Merged District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan.
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ABDUL REHMAN KHAN and HAJRA M. ALI | 363-378 | Download(993) |
| 34 | Understanding the Caveat Emptor Principle in Modern Consumer Transactions
The caveat emptor principle, which places the responsibility for due diligence on buyers rather than sellers, has been a fundamental concept in commercial law for centuries. However, the rise of ecommerce and the explosion of product information available to consumers have raised new questions about the operation of the principle in modern consumer transactions. In this research, we examine the legal and ethical implications of the principle, explore how consumers perceive and experience it, and identify the challenges consumers face in exercising due diligence in the modern marketplace. We also examine the role of government and industry stakeholders in providing consumer protection and promoting transparency in product information and marketing. Finally, we consider the impact of the internet and e-commerce on the operation of the principle and explore potential solutions to enhance consumer protections and promote trust in the modern marketplace. The findings of this research highlight the need for a nuanced understanding of the caveat emptor principle in different contexts, as well as the importance of balancing the principle with the need for transparency and consumer protections in the modern marketplace.
Key words: Caveat Emptor, Consumer, Consumer Protection, Consumer Transaction, Commercial Law.
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SOBIA BASHIR, ABDUS SAMAD KHAN and KIRAN NISAR | 379-389 | Download(1162) |
| 35 | The Concept of State Sovereignty in International Law
State sovereignty is a central concept in international law, which refers to the exclusive authority and autonomy of a state to govern itself without external interference. The concept of sovereignty has evolved over time, with the traditional understandi0ng of absolute sovereignty giving way to a more nuanced interpretation that recognizes the interdependence and interconnectedness of states in the modern world. This research paper aims to explore the concept of state sovereignty in international law, tracing its historical development and examining its current application in contemporary international relations. It will examine the tensions and conflicts that can arise between the principles of state sovereignty and the need for international cooperation and governance in areas such as human rights, trade, and environmental protection. The paper will also examine the various limitations on state sovereignty, including the recognition of certain rights and duties of states under international law, as well as the role of international organizations and the principle of responsibility to protect in limiting state sovereignty in cases of gross human rights violations. Overall, this paper will argue that while state sovereignty remains a fundamental principle of international law, it must be understood and applied in the context of the complex and interconnected global system in which states operate
Key words: Law, State, Sovereignty, Development.
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SAID ALI, MUHAMMAD HAMZA ZAKIR, AYESHA TASAWAR and SYED HAMMAD KHAN | 390-404 | Download(853) |
| 36 | State Responsibility and International Law: Bridging the Gap
This research article explores the foundational concept of state responsibility within the realm of international law. Despite its fundamental role, the application of state responsibility is characterized by complexity and multifaceted challenges. The article delves into the historical development of state responsibility, tracing its evolution through landmark cases and codification efforts. It further investigates the core principles governing state responsibility, emphasizing attribution, breach of obligations, and associated consequences. Additionally, the article addresses contemporary challenges faced in the enforcement of state responsibility, particularly concerning non-state actors and issues of global governance. The overarching objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the intricate nature of state responsibility and to propose strategies for bridging existing gaps in its application and enforcement within the framework of international law.
Key words: State Responsibility, International Law, Historical Development, Core Principles, Enforcement Challenges.
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MUHAMMAD USMAN, ASIF KHAN and SOHAIL AMJAD | 405-410 | Download(617) |
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